Portuguese in India

                                 POTUGUESE

 Not easy to distinguish in history which period ends and which begin.

Need for Discovery of new Sea Route

·       Arabs had established their domination in Egypt and Persia, and thus Red Sea which was the ultimate route to trade with Orient nations.

·       The European traders always used to choose the route of Red Sea from the Islamic Rulers earned enormous profits through revenues.

·       Consequently European traders sought for a new Sea route which would be out of reach of Arabs.

·       In 1498 Vasco Da Gama of Portugal found a new Cape of Good Hope (sea route) from Europe to Calicut (Zamorin) in India.

                                               

FACTS

Ø Portuguese wanted to Monopolize their trading trade in India, excluded their competitions specially Arabs.

Ø Blue Water Policy- Francisco de Almeida (1^st governor appointed by Portugal)

Ø They build trading centers in Cochin, Cannanore, Calicut and Mangalore.

Ø Portuguese were first to arrive and even last to leave India. They left Goa, Daman & Diu in 1961 for Govt of India.

Ø Main agenda of Portugal was to Promote Christianity, earn profits, and subjugation in India.

Ø This period witnessed the development of ship building and Naval Ships

    DECLINE OF PORTUGUESE

v Britain had arrived in India which was their main Rivals

v Conquest of Brazil drew much of their attention in west

v Conversion in Christianity Policy made the Hindus and Muslims resentful.

v Their Naval strength was very weak and inferior.

Other European powers

v Dutch  (17^th century)

v English  (16^th and 17^th century)

v French  (17^th century)

Industrial Revolution

                  INDUSTRIAL  REVOLUTION

Reasons

·        Mercantilism

·        Imperialism

Wasn’t confined only to Invention of Machines, Manual works to automated works, Profits.

 It was beyond that.

It meant the grass root change in the entire Social Structure of the British society.

Engines of British IR

·        

     Movement of massive rural population in urban cities. Which provided immense Manpower to run the huge Industries (URBANISATION)

During 1700s British winters were very tough and cold. So there would be complete unemployment during these 3 months in the countryside.   Merchants from the city traveled countryside and outsourced their works to the Villagers of producing Wool. After the Agricultural Revolution (1760s) Outsourcing works got undermined. These gave a sudden push to the Villagers to migrate.  In 1770s 75% population in Britain were Agrarian and living in countryside.

·        People after migration lived in Slums. Situation and living standards were plight-full.

Very low Infant mortality rate (50%). Death and starvation.                    

·        Coal reserves. (Previously wood were used as fuel in entire England)

·        RESOURCES from numerous rich colonies of Britain across the world.

·        Role of Capitalist Govt.(Parliament comprised of Moneyed-class Aristocrats who favored Capitalism)

·        Bank of England (1694) funded the industries and new Capitalists.

·        Fertile market of Britain all around the world due to elegant and finest quality.

·        Rivers in England provided the need of water for the Industries

·        Modern Education .

·        Population in Europe significantly increased 100 times. (double)

·        Practice of Mercantilism. (prevalent ideology)

·        Adam Smith “Wealth of Nations(1776)” “Invisible Hand”

·        Many mechanical inventions in England during this century.

a.     In 18^th century France was the leading Imperialist and European Power, which was ultimately overtaken by England after taking a lead in IR.

b.     From 1780s to 1850s, Europe’s population grew from 175 million to 266 million.

c.      MANCHESTER in England was the symbol of IR.

ü Peters Loo Massacre (1819) just like the Jallianwala Bagh tragedy.

District collector of St Peters called out military and declared Open fire to 50,000 protestant who were against the capitalistic regime of the British Govt. (because WaterLoo incident in 1815)

ü Thomas Malthose “Malthusian theory of Population” (1789)

Agricultural Production grows in Arithmetic progression and Population grows in Geometrical progression, (population will far exceed the rate of growth in agr. production) which will ultimately lead the mankind to starvation. The development in Agricultural Production ultimately reproved the Malthusian model of population in England.

ü By 1850s Urban Population (living in slums) of Britain rose to 50% for to livelihood, due to Agricultural revolution.

ü Even Women and Children were forced to work for 7 days and 15-16 hours. This led them to acquaint with severe Physical and Mental illness.

ü Thus, at last Govt of England was forced to impose 9 Factory Laws to minimize the exploitation of workers.

Ideology of Capitalism is just like that of a feeble/weak towered society, in which Rich Capitalists (bourgeoisie) comprises of top of the tower whereas, the poor workers (proletariat) comprises the basement.

If basement will be weak then the entire tower (society) will collapse miserably. 

British Agricultural Revolution (17^th to 19^th century)-

Unprecedented increase in agricultural productions in Britain, due to increase in labor (urbanization) and land productivity (enclosures). British agricultural output grew more than 3.5 times (more than double).

Agricultural output grew faster than the population is this era, thus reproving the Malthusian theory of Population (1789).

Implications:-

1.     More productive farms

2.     Less work load

3.     Urban migration

4.     Manpower for IR

Mechanical inventions- Seed drills & Horse hoe (Jethro Tull)

                                              4 course rotation or crop rotation (Lord Townshend)

                                      Stock Breeding (Robert Beckwell)

COMMUNISM- (Human society of boundless surplus) (state-less, caste-less, party-less)

Such developments led to the growth of communist thought.

Communist thinkers said- “Enclosure acts were a wholesale confiscation of public land for private use, using state apparatus”

From wool to cotton- The rise of British industrial empire

Wool production = 30x Cotton production (1760)

Cotton was the 1^st product to experience the IR.

Change in upper-class fashion all around the world (wool to cotton, so more demand for cotton increased). So mechanical inventions took place to increase cotton production. (Automation of Yarn production) – Flying Shuttle (John K), Spinning jenny (James Hargreaves), Water frame, Crompton’s mule.

James Watt – Steam Engine (1981) Rotate the shaft of very engines through coal. This invention was very important because it acted like a catalyst to the IR. It could be installed anywhere because of coal-oriented. 

Then Steam-ships & Steam- Railroads (1814) developed. (Transportation revolution)

With the installations of numerous machines in the industries and factories, now the raw cotton was very less to the comparison of efficiency of the machines.

So massive amount of raw cottons were brought from different colonies of Britain (USA and India) and it were refined and produced to final products in USA from casual farmers and workers and the slaves which were brought from Africa to USA through large ships. Situations of the workers were quite despondent.

Then the finished cottons were ready to be exported to the very colonies and fertile markets of Britain at a very high rate.